Pigeons were intermittently reinforced with food for pecking at one key. Concurrent pecking at a second key intermittently produced conditioned reinforcers (the set of stimuli that accompanied food ...

Normally dogs snatch at food; elephants reach out their trunks for it. A man will pull his hand away from a hot plate. These are examples of unconditioned reflexes, fully developed in infancy. They ...

Several recent investigations have suggested that an important function of the frontostriatal system is inhibitory response control, and we previously reported that subchronic exposure to ...