You dip your teabag into a cup of boiling water and watch the clear steaming liquid slowly change into an inviting rich red. The laws by which the particles of tea spread from the source of high ...

On an atomic scale it has been difficult to directly observe relatively slow equilibrium fluctuations, such as the diffusion of atoms in solids. The timescales of such processes are too long for ...

Researchers show that enzymes with enhanced enzyme diffusion can function as Maxwell's demon by utilising information from past reactions to actively shift away from equilibrium and control the ...

Comparison of molecular concentrations with and without enhanced enzyme diffusion (EED). In the absence of EED, the concentrations of the product and substrate align with chemical equilibrium (set ...

Many applications, ranging from cosmetics such as suntan cream and hand cream through to medical uses such as antiseptic cream, widely use cream formulations. The moisture content of creams and the ...