Using simple components such as oil, salt water, lipids and proteins, plus routine genetic engineering techniques, it is possible to create simple nanofluidic circuits.

A simple Zener-diode stabilization network circuit using D2 supplies a voltage of 100 V dc. The value of R1 depends on the source voltage and must be calculated with the equation, R1 = (V ac −s ...

Driving laser diodes, however, requires a greater degree of care than when dealing with LEDs, for example. Laser diodes are more sensitive, particularly with regard to spikes and the effect of ESD. A ...

By using a constant-current source along with a ratiometric DAC configuration, the output intensity of a laser diode can be carefully set and controlled using this simple circuit ...