When people hear about metal ion baths, chances are they are thinking about an ionic foot bath or an ionic foot detox. However, there are other practical applications for the ionization process. One ...

Six critical steps are involved in the manufacturing of semiconductors. These steps include deposition, photoresist, lithography, etch, ionization and packaging. This article discusses several ...

Ion beam-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (IB-MBE) combines ion beam technology with MBE to enhance thin-film growth precision. This technique utilizes controlled energetic ions to modify physical ...

Electroanalytical techniques use electrical quantities such as charge, current, or potential and measure their relations with chemical parameters. This field involves studying chemical reaction ...